The Importance Of Ideal Theorist Political Realism

whereas, as those from the non-ideal side will immediately disregard them as being foolish and infeasible. I will operate within Singer’s own presuppositions that poverty is simply bad and that access to basic necessities is an inalienable human right. In contrast to the normative emphasis of ideal theorist political realism provides a stark contrast. According to realists, ideas about morality or justice have no place in an international political system that is dominated by the quest for security and order. States must act in their own self-interest to ensure their own survival in an anarchic world. There is no world government to protect them; they must emphasise power over any ethical considerations. As such, realists categorically deny many of the arguments put forward by Singer. William Galston provides a sharp criticism on Singer’s point on proximity by stating â€Å"if I see two children drowning – my own and someone else’s – and I can only save one, does it follow that I must be indifferent as to which one? Conversely, he correctly identifies that we will always give moral weight to those closest to as us and it is therefore his conclusions that â€Å"it is no accident that we have never see n a society that embraced Singer’s principle, and I can say with utter confidence that we never will.† It seems to that any inability to comply with Singer’s prescriptions proves that there is fault with the prescription rather than us. However, I believe that realism has severalShow MoreRelatedThe Traditional Global Environment Evolved Into The Modern Global System1233 Words   |  5 Pagesare Realism, Liberalism, Idealism, Neo-Marxism, Constructivism, and Feminism. In an essay format answer, you are to discuss the main characteristics of each worldview. One of the peculiarities of research of international relations is the variety of conceptual constructions and competing theoretical approaches. This leads to the fact that an important epistemological issue of research on international relations is the problem of classification and typology of existing theories. Political RealismRead MoreInternational Relations: Liberalism and Realism2281 Words   |  10 PagesLiberalism and Realism How to Liberals view conflict? To define any perspective in International Relations, one must understand its’ origin and primary authors, including the context in which they were writing in. Liberalism is one of the more loosely defined perspectives as it has had a number of authors throughout history. Primarily, liberalism relies on the positive aspects of human nature. One of the most prominent liberal authors was Kant- who often wrote of the anarchical nature of internationalRead MoreThe Issue Of Interdependence Has Been An Issue Since The Cold War1466 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The topic of interdependence has been an issue since the inception of the state system and more prominently after the Cold War. Political scientists have debated its significance and vitality in a realism dominated discourse for years. However many alternative theories have surfaced supplying theorists with new material to analyze the question of conflict and interdependence. Interdependence does reduce the likelihood of conflict. Interdependence can be defined by its components:Read MoreA Critique Of Capitalism And The Power Of The Bourgeoisie Class1744 Words   |  7 Pagesessay I will argue that although perhaps not inherently intentionally, both liberal and realism, in all of their forms, represent hegemonic ideology, and that this has been proven throughout history, and therefore support much of Marxist theory surrounding capitalism and the power of the bourgeoisie class, both on a domestic and global scale. Critical theorists share 4 assumptions: firstly they dispute realism in their belief that human nature is effected majorly by social changes, as opposed to theRead MoreThe Key Differences Between Realists, Morality of State Theorists, and Cosmopolitans1534 Words   |  7 Pagesrequirements. These moral requirements are defined by a variety of schools of thought, including: Realists, Morality of States theorists, and Cosmopolitans. Realists may validate some action where morality of state theorists and cosmopolitans are fundamentally opposed. In this paper I will examine such examples and detail the key differences between realists, morality of state theorists, and cosmopolitans. I will compare and contrast realists with the other two non-realists perspectives and explore how theseRead MoreRealism, Liberalism, And Marxism1024 Words   |  5 PagesRealism, liberalism, and Marxism are all different perspectives that can be used to analyze situations and aid government officials to un derstandings and agreements in relation to trade. Lawrence Herman s article focusses on the potential destruction of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) caused by the disturbing and unacceptable proposals by the United States president, Donald Trump. There are many different views on Free trade but three main perspectives are the realist views, whichRead MoreThe And International Political And Legal Sphere Essay2238 Words   |  9 Pagesflawed, according to many political theorists. In the writings of Chantal Delsol, the problems of the current international political and legal sphere are examined and deciphered to fix all of the â€Å"problems† that, according to Delsol, plague society. In Unjust Justice, she brings a realist approach to international law similar to Hans Morgenthau, arguing that the state of anarchy with is fueled through plurality is more favorable to an international state of monopolized ideals. Grappling with the idealismRead MoreTwo Approach es Of Leadership And Leadership1743 Words   |  7 Pagesmany who argue that ‘Great Man’ theories, which later evolved into ‘trait’ theories, are still applicable to modern leaders (Ledlow, Coppola, 2010). Trait theorists identified similar traits found in current and past leaders and conjectured that all leaders must possess most, if not all of these traits to be successful as a leader. Trait theorists believe many of these traits are attained before or at birth. In an article by Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), they phrase Stogdill (1948) in saying thereRead MoreIs Democracy Promotion A Mask For Hegemonic Power?1546 Words   |  7 PagesIs democracy-promotion a mask for hegemonic power? Should liberal democracies impose their principles, values and ideals upon less democratic states? Hegemony is the concept meaning primacy of the leading state over the subordinate states without the use of any direct forms of violence (invasion, occupation or annexation). Many scholars in international relations have tried to find an answer to these questions, but they are still open to a much debate and discussion. Liberals believe that democracyRead MoreGlobalization Of The United Nations2464 Words   |  10 PagesUnited Nations has been very active on the world stage, attempting to find consensus and pursue progress between states, and other major groups. Within the many areas of concern to the United Nations, global development holds a particular position of importance, and they have made many different efforts in its pursuit. The most notable and global of these has been the Millennium Development Goals, which were established as global targets at the United Nations Millennium Summit. The post-2015 development

Stanford Prison Experiment Essay - 1150 Words

When put into an authoritative position over others, is it possible to claim that with this new power individual(s) would be fair and ethical or could it be said that ones true colors would show? A group of researchers, headed by Stanford University psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo, designed and executed an unusual experiment that used a mock prison setting, with college students role-playing either as prisoners or guards to test the power of the social situation to determine psychological effects and behavior (1971). The experiment simulated a real life scenario of William Golding’s novel, â€Å"Lord of the Flies† showing a decay and failure of traditional rules and morals; distracting exactly how people should behave toward one another. This†¦show more content†¦To ensure to have satisfactory results in his study, Zimbardo required some preconditions. One of which was the period of time for the experiment to be conducted. He believed that one-to-two weeks woul d be essential in â€Å"providing our research participants with sufficient time for them to become fully engaged in their experimentally assigned roles of either guards or prisoners. Having [our] participants live in that setting day and night, if prisoners, or work for long eight-hour shifts, if guards, would also allow sufficient time for situational norms to develop and patters of social interaction to emerge, change and become crystallized† (Zimbardo, 2013). Other preconditions he had were the mentalities of his volunteers; are they â€Å"normal,† healthy mentally and physically, are they without any prior history of conviction or drug usage? Some other preconditions were to make the experimental setting bear a resemblance as closely to a functional simulation of the psychology of imprisonment as humanly possible. He also wanted to make sure that there was the absence of any earlier indoctrination in how to play the randomly assigned roles; to leave that up to eac h participant’s prior societal teachings of the meaning of prisons and the behavioral scripts associated with the oppositional roles (Zambardo, 2005). Although he had a significantly large abundanceShow MoreRelatedA Experiment On Stanford Prison Experiment984 Words   |  4 PagesStanford Prison Experiment was a study that was conducted to determine the psychology of imprisonment. It was a simulation experiment that was carried out at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. This has been dubbed as the classical psychological experiment regarding prisoners and even explains the prisoner abuse that was meted to the poor Muslim prisoners at Abu Ghraib Prison in Cuba. The research questions were to know whether evil prevailed over humanity or whether humanity was suppressed byRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment1006 Words   |  5 PagesCharlie Parrish Mrs. Gumina English III, Hr. 4 18 March 2015 Introduction The Stanford Prison experiment was conducted in 1971, during the summer, at Stanford University. The mastermind behind the experiment was Philip G. Zimbardo, a psychologist and a professor at Stanford University. To help closely simulate a prison environment they called upon an expert. â€Å"Our study of prison life began, then, with an average group of healthy, intelligent, middle class males† (Zimbardo 4). With this group ofRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment : A Experiment890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment has been one of great controversy since it took place in 1971. Originally established to observe and record the psychological effects the criminal justice system has on prisoners and guards, the experiment went awry due to the neglect of Zimbardo, the scientist holding the experiment. The Stanford Prison Experiment or SPE consisted of 18 students and 6 alternatives recreating regular prison life by being randomly assigned the roles of prisoner a nd guard. Due to hisRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment : Stanford Jail Experiment Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesNathan Mariano Estepa September 13, 2015 Stanford Prison Experiment Zimbardo decided to run an experiment where he would turn a basement under the Stanford campus into a mock prison where he would interview several participants where they would randomly get assigned either guard, or prisoner. Zimbardo aimed to see how everyone pertained the roles they were placed in. Interviewing 75 potential participants, Zimbardo only chose 24 male college students which they received payments of $15/day. TheyRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiments1627 Words   |  7 PagesMollie Herrick Professor Ronnfeldt WRC 1013, 0B2 September 26, 2014 The Stanford Prison Experiments The Stanford Prison Experiments, which happened over forty years ago, showed how power, and being powerless, would change and affect a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do. The experiment was started to show what being in the situation of prison would do to a person psychologically. â€Å"I wanted to know who wins -- good people or an evil situation -- when they were brought into direct confrontation†(ZimbardoRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment1658 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant issues today. The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted over 40 years ago, brought these ethical issues into the limelight and remains one of the most controversial studies in the history of studying human behavior. This paper aims to define ethics, describe risk/benefit ratio, provide a brief background on the Stanford Prison Experiment, and evaluate the impact it has had on psychological research. â€Æ' The Stanford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment probably tops a lot of listsRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment905 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment California State University, Long Beach The Stanford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment is a very thought-provoking topic discussed in various classes. Professor and psychologist Philip Zimbardo conducted this experiment through Stanford University. Twenty-four men were randomly selected to participate in a simulated prison environment and were given roles as prisoners or prison guards. This was done to challenge the moral compass of â€Å"good† individualsRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment1902 Words   |  8 PagesThe Stanford prison experiment was conducted at Stanford University on August 14th through August 20th in 1971, by a team of researchers headed by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo. This experiment used college students and was funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps were both very interested in this particular experiment due to the many violent outbreaks and conflicts between military guards and prisoners. In 2010 Hollywood produced a movie on the events ofRead MoreThe Stanfor d Prison Experiment At Stanford University1239 Words   |  5 Pagesstudent at Stanford University in California. Like most college kids, you are strapped for cash, so you begin to seek a part time job. You see an ad for a psychology study that pays $15 per day posted in the local newspaper, and decide to submit an application. Little do you know at the time, that the study you are applying for will become known worldwide and create such an impact that it remains relevant over 44 years later. This infamous study is known today as the Stanford Prison Experiment. The experimentRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment : Stanford University1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment On the morning of August 17, 1971, ten men were arrested from their homes in the Palo Alto area, each with charges of burglary and theft. They were taken to the local police station where they were booked, fingerprinted, blindfolded, and transported to the Stanford Prison - also known as the Psychology department at Stanford University. Not even Philip Zimbardo, the psychologist behind the experiment that would shape the field of psychology for years to come, could

Disadvantages of Iris Recognition Free Essays

Subjects who are blind or have cataracts can also pose a challenge o iris recognition, as there is difficulty in reading the iris. The camera used in the process needs to have the correct amount of illumination. Without this, it is very difficult to capture an accurate image Of the iris. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantages of Iris Recognition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with illumination comes the problem with reflective surfaces within the range of the camera as well as any unusual lighting that may occur. All of these impact the ability of the camera to capture an accurate image. The system linked with the camera is currently only capturing images in a monochrome format. This results in problems with the limitations of grayscale making it difficult to distinguish the darker iris coloration from the pupil. Although there is minimal intrusiveness with iris recognition, there is still the need for co- operation from subjects to enroll in the system and undergo subsequent authentication scans. Enrolling a non-cooperative subject would prove very difficult indeed. Inadequate training of users at the initial enrolment period will cause problems both at the initial enrolment time and subsequent authentications. Frustrated users will not help make the system any easier to use and will not be accepted by users as a convenient authentication method. Communication with users plays a major part in introducing such a system successfully. B. The iris is harder to map as an image because it fluctuates based on the size of the pupil, and drug or medicinal use, and age. The retina stays constant throughout your life, unless you have glaucoma or diabetes. The iris is not fully shaped until about eight months of age, but after that age, it is commonly believed to be stable. C. One of the disadvantages with iris connection technology, being that it is a relatively new technology, is that the equipment is very expansive (it could cost almost as much as five times the cost of fingerprint scanning). How to cite Disadvantages of Iris Recognition, Papers

Implications for Frozen Food Marketing-Free-Samples for Student

Question: Discuss about the Consumer awareness about healthy products. Answer: Problem statement The dietary habits of individuals have a direct impact on the health of the individuals and so Ausfine Food has created the right marketing strategies for the frozen food products to influence the consumer buying behaviors. The research rationale demonstrates the rise of diet related health issues and the improper packaging of the frozen food items at United Kingdom, which has made people avoid the frozen food items (Cairns et al., 2013). To prevent this, the Government has implemented mandatory labeling policy including the various nutrients of the packaged frozen food items. Ausfine Food has marketed its products by following sustainable measures like green packaging to create positive mindset among the customers as well as maintain the health and safety of theirs. Not only green packaging, but also the company aims to deliver the best quality healthy products that can influence the buying behaviors of the customers and increase the sales revenue too (Ausfine.com.au2018). Due to th e immense competition in the market, Ausfine Food shall remain committed to the sustainable methods while marketing the frozen food items and ensure influencing their buying behaviors with ease and effectiveness (Grunert, Hieke Wills, 2014). Research Aim The aim of the research is to determine the implications of frozen food marketing of Ausfine Food and its impact on the consumer buying behaviors and choices made by them. Research Objectives To identify the impact of frozen food marketing on the buying behaviors of consumers at Ausfine Food, Australia To evaluate the various approaches undertaken by the company to market the frozen food items successfully in the market To assess the various measures that have helped the company to maintain sustainable measures while marketing the products and services To recommend necessary measures that should be adopted by Ausfine Food for overcoming the frozen food marketing issues and maintain sustainability to influence the consumer buying behavior Research Methodology Comprehensive literature review The frozen food items choices could affect the food demands in the market as well as represent an increasing segment of the home based meal replacement category. The information about consumers could be related to generic health information and product specific nutrition profiles. The ability of the consumers to use the information can play a major role in the purchasing decisions made by the consumers (Anselmsson, Vestman Bondesson Johansson, 2014). The various work related to the information issues included the acquisition of information along with the use of nutrition label. The Government has played a major role in the distribution of nutritional information and due to this; the companies have managed to market the frozen food items through proper promotional techniques and even through the involvement of a social media platform (Chandon, 2013). The frozen food company to ensure that the customers were attracted and they could know about the products in details should provide th e nutritional value, ingredients used and nutritional information. Individuals acquisition of information could help in evaluating the benefits obtained by purchasing the products as well as influence their reaction to the new health related information. The company should maintain sustainable packaging techniques to keep the food fresh and healthy for consumption by the customers (Phan Vu, 2015). This would definitely develop a positive mindset among them and make them purchase the products and services of the company, furthermore spread positive messages to many other people so that they could get influenced (Newman et al., 2014). Secondary sources The secondary sources would be useful for obtaining relevant information and data about the topic and constitute the secondary data. The secondary sources could be articles, journals, internet websites and by searching through keywords such as frozen food items, green packaging, nutritional value of frozen items, etc (Salazar, Oerlemans van Stroe?Biezen, 2013). On the other hand, surveys were conducted to obtain the opinions and feedbacks of the respondents that constituted the quantitative data. The qualitative data was gathered by interviewing with the managers of the organization and both these kinds of data helped in the primary data collection (Buder, Feldmann Hamm, 2014). Data analysis The analysis of data should be done to check the accuracy of information and checked whether it had been gathered from authentic sources or not. The quantitative data analysis could be done with the use of SPSS tool for representing the data and information in the form of charts, diagrams, etc. This would provide better flexibility and maintain good relationship between the different variables required to conduct the research efficiently (Grunert, Hieke Wills, 2014). References Anselmsson, J., Vestman Bondesson, N., Johansson, U. (2014). Brand image and customers' willingness to pay a price premium for food brands.Journal of Product Brand Management,23(2), 90-102. Antonetti, P., Maklan, S. (2014). Feelings that make a difference: How guilt and pride convince consumers of the effectiveness of sustainable consumption choices. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 117-134. Ausfine.com.au. (2018). Ausfine Foods // Home. Ausfine.com.au. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://ausfine.com.au/ Buder, F., Feldmann, C., Hamm, U. (2014). Why regular buyers of organic food still buy many conventional products: Product-specific purchase barriers for organic food consumers. British Food Journal, 116(3), 390-404. Cairns, G., Angus, K., Hastings, G., Caraher, M. (2013). Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary.Appetite,62, 209-215. Chandon, P. (2013). How package design and packaged-based marketing claims lead to overeating.Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy,35(1), 7-31. Grunert, K. G., Hieke, S., Wills, J. (2014). Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use. Food Policy, 44, 177-189. Newman, C. L., Turri, A. M., Howlett, E., Stokes, A. (2014). Twenty years of country-of-origin food labeling research: a review of the literature and implications for food marketing systems.Journal of Macromarketing,34(4), 505-519. Phan, T. T. H., Vu, P. A. (2015). The impact of marketing mix elements on food buying behavior: a study of supermarket consumers in Vietnam.International Journal of Business and Management,10(10), 206. Salazar, H. A., Oerlemans, L., van Stroe?Biezen, S. (2013). Social influence on sustainable consumption: evidence from a behavioural experiment. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(2), 172-180

9 Forms of the Past Tense

9 Forms of the Past Tense 9 Forms of the Past Tense 9 Forms of the Past Tense By Mark Nichol Multiple variations of past tense that employ regular verbs occur in English. Explanations of the distinctions follow. Note that each section includes examples of positive-declarative, negative-declarative, and interrogative forms. 1. Simple Past A sentence in the simple-past form describes an event that occurred in the past: â€Å"They agreed with us.† â€Å"They did not agree with us.† â€Å"Did they agree with us?† Notice that in the first sentence, the verb form of agree is in past tense, but in the other examples, did does the heavy lifting of indicating the tense, so agree remains in present tense. In almost all other variations of past tense, the form of the verb â€Å"to be† and the participle retain the same form regardless of the type of sentence. 2. Past Progressive (or Past Continuous) Past-progressive statements and questions describe something that began in the past and continued to occur for a time before stopping: â€Å"They were agreeing with us.† â€Å"They were not agreeing with us.† â€Å"Were they agreeing with us?† 3. Past Perfect This tense form applies to events that began at a time preceding a period in the past: â€Å"They had agreed with us.† â€Å"They had not agreed with us.† â€Å"Had they agreed with us?† 4. Past Perfect Progressive (or Past Perfect Continuous) Sentences with this tense form describe something that occurred in the past and continued to occur after the fact but in the present is no longer occurring: â€Å"They had been agreeing with us.† â€Å"They had not been agreeing with us.† â€Å"Had they been agreeing with us?† 5. Past Habitual A sentence written in past-habitual tense describes an occurrence that once occurred continuously or repeatedly: â€Å"They used to agree with us.† â€Å"They used to not agree with us.† (This formal usage is awkward and seldom used; we are more likely to write, â€Å"They used to disagree with us.† An informal version of the sentence, more likely to be used if no direct antonym like disagree is available for a given sentence, is â€Å"They didn’t use to agree with us.†) â€Å"Used they to agree with us?† (This formal usage is rare. The informal form, much more common, is, â€Å"Did they use to agree with us?†) 6. Time-Specific Past Habitual A variation of the past-habitual tense includes a specific time frame: â€Å"Before, they would agree with us.† â€Å"Before, they would not agree with us.† â€Å"Before, would they agree with us?† 7. Past Intensive A sentence in the past-intensive form describes something confirmed as having occurred: â€Å"They did agree with us.† â€Å"They did not agree with us.† â€Å"Did they agree with us?† 8. Future in the Past A future-in-the-past construction describes something that was supposed to have occurred after a time in the past: â€Å"They were going to agree with us.† â€Å"They were not going to agree with us.† â€Å"Were they going to agree with us?† Past Subjunctive This form is not numbered, because it is not, despite its name, a type of past tense, but it is identified here to make that point. A sentence formed in the past subjunctive describes a counterfactual event: â€Å"If they were going to agree with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"If they were not going to agree with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"If they were they going to agree with us, would they have told us by now?† 9. Past-Perfect Subjunctive Sentences with this subjunctive form, by contrast, do have a past-tense sense: â€Å"Had they agreed with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"Had they not agreed with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"Had they agreed with us, would they have told us by now?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Email EtiquetteQuiet or Quite?

Different Depictions of Warsaving Private Ryan and The Patriot essays

Different Depictions of Warsaving Private Ryan and The Patriot essays Moviemakers have the power to portray the world the way they see it. And because there are so many different directors out there, we as viewers, are presented with a variety of interpretations. If a director sees love as a game, then it is so (at least until their hour and 45-minute tale of two playful lovers comes to an end). If he or she believes society to be corrupt then we will see it as such on her or his recorded picture of the world. And if one director thinks of war as completely disastrous while another sees glory in it then we would find ourselves viewing two contrasting depictions of war. Two recent films that exemplify this circumstance are Steven Speilbergs Saving Private Ryan and Roland Emmerichs The Patriot. Both movies are about an historic war, both were made around the same time, and yet both create an entirely different image of war. With the use of dramatic, literary, and cinematic aspects, Speilberg and Emmerich present their opinions, as well as emotions, on the screen. Ryan takes place during World War II. Captain Miller (Tom Hanks) is given a mission to save Private James Ryan (Matt Damon), whose three brothers were killed in action. The Patriot is the story of a father of seven and veteran of the French and Indian War. Although he shows disapproval of the current American Revolution, personal vengeance makes him a hero in the war. Although the screenplay could account for a films viewpoint, it is the directing that creates the visual picture. Ironically, Both Ryan and The Patriot were written by the same man, Robert Rodat. This further supports the idea that the directors opinion on a topic is evident in her or his film, no matter what the screenwriters thoughts may be. Not to mention the fact that a the director usually chooses a script that suits them. Therefor, literary elements reflect the directors perspective. The setting in Ryans opening sce...

Petroleum - Chemical Composition, Formation, Technology used to Research Paper

Petroleum - Chemical Composition, Formation, Technology used to process, Products derived from petroleum, and History - Research Paper Example Petroleum powered nearly all conveyances, further it is used to generate electricity, and in making of paints, soaps, plastics, inks, and medicines, etc. Beyond any shadow of doubt today's world in incomplete without petroleum. However, petroleum cannot be used directly as a fuel or chemical producer because of its highly complex nature and presence of poisonous or corrosive impurities. Therefore, it is processed and refined to separate amalgams into simpler fractions that can be used as fuels, lubricants, or chemical producers. Tremendous growth and research is observed in the field of Petroleum due to its wide application, complex formation, structure, and refinement processing (â€Å"Petroleum†). Fomation of Petroleum Petroleum is originated from the debris of animal and plant i.e. perpetuated organic material, that’s why it is also known as a fossil fuel. Sea floor (oceanic anoxic events), Oxygen-minimum zones, and anoxic silled basins are the areas where organic ma terial can stockpile ("Petroleum Formation").  Ã‚  It is widely recognized because of low oxygen level organic material gets preserved i.e. prevents degradation. Kerogen (Tucker 262) a waxy substance is formed by the burial diagenesis of organic material. It believes high temperatures (50-80 oC)  is enough for developing the sedimented rocks and initiate the production of alkanes and cyclo-alkanes.  Ã‚  Subsequently, petroleum is formed by hydrocarbon pyrolysis on intense temperature and pressure. Oil window is the area, where the probability of petroleum production is highest, ordinally the temperature of the oil window is around 75-120 oC, and it located at a depth of 2-3.5 Km. Once the petroleum is generated, it is shifted to reservoir rocks from where it is collected. Unfortunately, the time required between the rock depositions to oil window, i.e. maturation period is not sorted out yet. However, generally it takes million of years. Among several factors behind petroleum generation, it believes that the significant quantity of oil may generate if burial time is huge even temperature is lower than required. For example, Paleozoic basins give rise to significant oil at 50 degrees Celsius while 115 oC are required for oil production via the younger Mio-Pliocene basins at nearly the identical burial depth. In addition to, it is observed that Paleozoic source rocks developed during the Cretaceous times, due to large tectonic activity occurring (Tissot, and Welte 699). Composition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon (S, O, N, etc.), organometallic compounds and inorganic salts are the constituent of petroleum ("Petroleum composition"). Hydrocarbon: Principal constituent of petroleum is the hydrocarbon; closely all types of hydrocarbon are present in petroleum. Alkenes and alkyne are the only two hydrocarbons which  are  not present in petroleum. Following  is the major classes of hydrocarbons present in petroleum. 1. Alkanes It is saturated hy drocarbon and also recognized as paraffins.  Ã‚  Generally, alkanes are symbolized by a formula CnH2n+2.  It is  present in a dissolved state within the petroleum. 2. Cycloparaffins It is saturated hydrocarbon and also known as napthenes, present in crude oil. However, its ratio is dependent on the type of petroleum. The lower members of naphthenes are cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and

Organizational Structure Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Structure - Annotated Bibliography Example The author used to be a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management and has a Ph.D in the subject of social psychology. His work is objective in nature because it is completely based on objective research. The opinions formed in the book are based on these researches. The author proposes that the organizational culture can be utilized as a tool for adopting and promoting change. The book even focuses on the significance of leaders and their contribution towards utilization of culture to attain organizational aims and objectives. The content of the book provides various theories that can help in identifying how different leaders use different leadership styles to promote organizational change. This information will be used in the research to identify the impact of leadership on culture and how culture can become a change driver. Vaccaro, I., Jansen, J., Van Den Bosch, F., & Volberda, H. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: the moderating role of organizational size. Journal Of Management Studies, 49(1), 28--51. The source titled â€Å"Management innovation and leadership: the moderating role of organizational size† has been authored by Ignacio G. Vaccaro and other researchers and the source is a journal article (Vaccaro, 2012). The source has been published in a journal titled Journal of Management Studies and the sources has been cited for 96 times. The Journal in which the article is published is a journal that published research regarding management and social sciences and the article is reviewed by experts of the field and if the article is relevant to the subject of journal, it is published in the journal. The research is accepted as it is scientific in nature and the findings are based on results obtained from statistical tools which make the results objective in nature. The author of the article is associated with the Department of Strategic

Relationship Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Relationship Marketing - Essay Example Relationship Marketing: Relationship marketing is more about making a customer relationship and encouraging consumers to have a broader purchase rate and more satisfaction with their products. Typically relationship marketing is pitched towards long-term growth. Since the newspaper has not thought about relationship marketing the visitors make one buy and are never seen or heard from again. The newspaper continues to spend huge amounts of money in order to attract customers and has very little repeat business. Relationship marketing is all about the repeat business. Relationship marketing is a cost-effective method that finds to retain visitors (Goldglantz, 2007). The advantage of relationship marketing is that it aids retain the successes the newspaper has already attained. For example, a huge amount of visitors can be converted to a huge amount of return visitors. These return visitors can be examined for characteristics and traits. The disadvantage is that relationship marketing that seems inward (to current customers) does not attract new customers on a large scale. The advantage of traditional marketing is that it draws its net wide like a fisherman hoping to attain as many customers as possible. The broader the net the more fish and more markets we can dab into. The disadvantage of traditional marketing is that most organizations (newspapers) cannot simply keep paying high advertising costs to assert an expedient customer flow. Relationship and traditional marketing can be best applied when in conjunction. One exploits new markets and draws in first-time visitors while the other retains the customers as long as possible. The best the relationship, the best the sales results of the newspapers (Hunter & Perreault, 2007). Thus newspapers should conceive developing their marketing program so that it attains sales on the front end and the back end. Here we are considering two organizations. One organization use relationship approach with their customers and the other organization use traditional approach with their customers and here we are considering organization as a newspaper. First, describe the different activities of that newspaper which is using relationship approach with their customers. Relationship marketing: Definition: Relationship marketing is defined as the building of long-term, loyal, committed and economic relationships with potential and existing customers through communication and the provision of quality products and services. Relationship marketingis a type ofmarketingdeveloped from direct response marketing campaigns carried out in the 1970s and 1980s which emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction, rather than a dominant focus on point-of-sale proceedings. Relationship marketing is different from other forms of marketing in that it recognizes the long term value to the business firm of keeping customers, as opposed todirector "Intrusion" marketing, which focuses upon accomplishment of new clients by targeting majority statistics based upon prospective client lists. Development: Relationship mark

Should Tertiary Education Be Compulsory in Hong Kong?

Should Tertiary Education Be Compulsory in Hong Kong? Education and Hong Kong Narrowed Topic: â€Å"Tertiary education should be compulsory for all students in Hong Kong.† To what extent do you agree with this view? The expansion of compulsory education, which includes preschool education and tertiary education, in Hong Kong has been a controversial topic in the past few years. As employers requires their teams has higher education qualifications nowadays, itgaveriseto a discussion about the popularization of tertiary education. Tertiary education have played an important role for teenagers to discover their interest for future career and being as symbol of a ‘ticket’ to the upper class. It is said that extension of compulsory education could ensure the equality of opportunity and heighten the levels in different perspective. However, it has been argued that tertiary education could hardly mitigate the problem of skilled labor shortage in Hong Kong. To a large extent, I agree with the statement. This essay will discuss both for and against side of the tertiary education being as part of the compulsory. Tertiary education refers to all post-secondary education, including but not limited to universities, like technical training institutes, community colleges, research laboratories and more (World Bank Group, 2013). Compulsory education is universally accepted as basic human rights but when the question leads to the extension to tertiary education, people always doubt the necessary of the expansion. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26, ‘Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.’ This proves that tertiary education is part of the human rights that could ensure the equality of opportunity for everyone. It could form a linkage of institutions that support the manufacture of the higher-order capacity necessary for development. Since Hong Kong’s Gino Coefficient has reached to 0.537 (Census and Statistics Department andSocial Welfare Department, 2011), many students could not afford the tuition for colleges. These undergraduates, who do not acquire any specialties, would find some low payment job and their social mobility is limited. Even in the same generation, their intra-generational social mobility is also respectively less than the others because of the lower education qualification. A vicious circle could be formed that they remain being as the bottom class of the society. It is unfair to the citizen since all of us could have the equivalent chances. The opportunity of getting tertiary education shall be equal, no matter the citizen is wealthy or poor. Tertiary education is not only part of the human rights, but also could heighten the level on different aspect in the society. In the industry perspective, Mundial (2003) mentioned that tertiary educations traditional character could be to develop students for employment through the transference of knowledge and by providing basic research and training to employees and supporting the sustained expansion of knowledge. It results more educated and productive labor force. Cities with great amounts of academic graduates commonly have upper ranks of innovation and productivity growth (Tejvan P., 2014). Moreover, in the government side, tertiary education incorporate remarkable contributions to society, with advanced education labors typically paying more tax. Graduate degree’s owners are also less likely to depend on public assistance programs. According to Brookings Institution’s Hamilton Project (Greenstone and Looney, 2011), it shows only 2% living in households that rely on Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) welfares, analyze with 12% of secondary school graduates. Other than higher contributions, popularization of tertiary education could increase the city’s economic competitiveness. Tertiary education is a main driver of economic contributions in gradually more knowledge-driven to worldwide economy. It has made advanced-level of tertiary education more indispensable. The imperative for this cities is to raise higher-level employer’s skills, to sustain an internationally competitive research base and to increase learning dissemination to the advanced society (OECD, 2008). On the contrary, it is discussed that tertiary education unlikely to mitigate the problem of skilled labor shortage in Hong Kong. The Robert Half Workplace Survey (2010) reveals that 61% of employers surveyed in Hong Kong observed a skills shortage of middle management workers followed by junior level (23%) and senior or director level crew (15%), which includes technical and sales parts, motivate client relationships, computer and social media skills. This implies that lack of technical skills labor has become a serious problem to the workforce. Subsequently, it is doubted that the expansion of compulsory education could not diminish the problem since it could only increase the ratio of higher education students. Nevertheless, I disagree with this opinion. There could be varies of particular techniques training in the tertiary education. For example,Vocational Training Council (VTC) teaches practical, vocation education and training to undergrads, which provide manpower supports to industries for their development. Tertiary education not only refers to universities, but also technical training institutes. Considerably, skilled training is not sufficient in Hong Kong at this point. If the tertiary education become part of the compulsory education, extend of practical training is necessary for the sustainability of the job market. As a result, the popularization of tertiary education could probably improve the labor shortage problem. Tertiary education could be part of the compulsory because the opportunity of getting education, which includes tertiary education, shall be equal as it is part of the human right and the popularization of tertiary education would heighten the level in different aspect, like economic, industry and government. However, it has been discussed that the problem of skilled labor shortage could not be mitigate unless there is an extension of tertiary education. Taking under consideration, tertiary education could convey much advantages to the community and develop an intact society. References Assembly, U. G. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights.Resolution adopted by the General Assembly,10(12). Census and Statistics Department and Social Welfare Department. (2011).Census and Statistics Department and Social Welfare Department Greenstone and Looney, (2011).Brookings Institution’s Hamilton Project Mundial, B. (2003). Tertiary Education in Colombia: Paving the Way for Reform.Washington DC. OECD (2008). Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society: VOLUME 2: Special features: Equity, Innovation, Labour Market, Internationalisation Pettinger, T. P. (2014, March 3). Should University Education be Free?.Economics Help. Robert Half Workplace Survey. (2010, September 8).Robert Half Tertiary Education (Higher Education). (2013).World Bank Group Vocational Training Council,Corporate Information of VTC. Retrieved March 29, 2015 from http://www.vtc.edu.hk/html/en/about/corp_info.html

Cancer :: essays research papers fc

Cancer INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the American society, cancer is the disease most feared by the majority of people within the U.S. Cancer has been known and described throughout history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1990s nearly 6 million cancer cases and more than 4 million deaths have been reported worldwide, every year. The most fatal cancer in the world is lung cancer, which has grown drastically since the spread of cigarette smoking in growing countries. Stomach cancer is the second leading form of cancer in men, after lung cancer. Another on the increase, for women, is breast cancer, particularly in China and Japan. The fourth on the list is colon and rectum cancer, which occurs mostly in older people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States more than one-fifth of the deaths in the early '90s was caused by cancer, only the cardiovascular diseases accounted at a higher percentage. In 1993 the American Cancer Society predicted that about 33% of Americans will eventually get cancer. In the United States skin cancer is the most dominating in both men and women, followed by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. Yet lung cancer causes the most deaths in men and women. Leukemia, or cancer of the blood, is the most common type in children. An increasing incidence has been clearly observable over the past few decades, due in part to improved cancer screening programs, and also to the increasing number of older persons in the population, and also to the large number of tabacco smokers--particularly in women. Some researchers have estimated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung cancer deaths could virtually be eliminated within 20 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. government and private organizations spent about $1.2 billion annual for cancer research. With the development of new drugs and treatments, the number of deaths among cancer patients under 30 years of age is decreasing, even though the number of deaths from cancer is growing overall. TYPES OF CANCER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.Cancer is the common term used to designate the mosst aggressive and usually fatal forms of a larger class of the diseases known as neoplasms. A neoplasm is described as being relatively autonomous because it does not fully obey the biological mechanisms that govern the growth and the metabolism of individual cells and the overall cell interactions of the living organism. Some neoplasms grow more rapidly than the tissues from which they arise, others grow at a normal pace but because of the other factors eventually become recognizable as an abnormal growth and not normal tissue. The changes seen in neoplasm are heritable in that these characteristics are passed on from each cell to ots

Law Studies Essay

Respond to the following prompts in complete sentences. 1. What role did Enlightenment ideas play in the development of the United States? Give at least two examples to support your answer. The constitution uses philosophers ideas during the Enlightenment era. Jefferson shaped the country by solidifying the ideas of natural rights in term of government and religion. Locke was asserting that government had to be fair and equitable in order to be sustainable. 2. How are the ideas of the Magna Carta evident in the founding documents of the US? The Magna Carta set a precedent for the idea of a limited central governing body. It said that the king doesn’t have unlimited power and he needed the approval of those he govern. 3. Briefly explain the roles of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and how the power of the government is separated among them. Legislative make laws Executive enforces the law and judicial interpret the law . 4. In your opinion, does the government work the way it should? Is power shared equally or does one branch control more than its share? Be sure to support your answers with details and examples. The original intend to having three branches is to be able balance them out but I think that the judicial branch has been claiming more power. Courts making decisions that overturn laws that have been signed into law even when there is no Constitutional basis for such an action. 5. Give one example of how you are affected on a daily basis by each of the following: your city/county government, your state government, the federal government. Each day I live I have to follow the law. So it affects me everyday even for little things like following the speed limit and to not littering. Even though we have law people are always breaking them but the law always wins and the get their consequences.

Essay Sample on Emotions and Moods in the Workplace The Psychological Analysis

Essay Sample on Emotions and Moods in the Workplace The Psychological Analysis Every organization has its own serene environment where it conducts the day to day operations of the company regardless of the products it manufactures. For instance, from the research it is indeed evident that companies do have rules that govern their employee conducts and that of its management. For example, it is evident that every workplace has different emotions and attitudes amongst their workers and customers. The presence of emotional effects poses a threat to behaviors of individuals within the organization. This is because various people within the organization have different attitudes towards certain conditions. Considerable emotions in the place of work assists employees in getting favorable results inclusive of achievement, enrichment of jobs and a considerable quality of social context. Inconsiderable emotions while in the workplace (for example anger, fear, hostility, stress, guilt and sadness), however, escalate the deviance of the workplace predictability together with the manner in which the external world perceives the organization. Emotions are normally connected with certain occurrences or events and have enough strength to interfere with the process of thinking. On the other side, moods are more intensely â€Å"states or feelings† which are generalized and are typically not concerned with a certain stimulus. On top of that, they are not satisfactorily strong to influence the process of thinking. There can be a lot of results for permitting inconsiderable emotions to impact on a person’s general attitude or work performance. Emotions within an organization may lead to attraction of newer customers to the business premises and increase the consumption unit capacity from its customers. Likewise, the increased number of customers in the company would mean that the company would have to increase its production levels and instead produce more than double products than it did before. This would mean that the company mission and objectives shall be fulfilled as it would work to realize the company excellence. The moods of employees are also a vital factor to encourage more customers to participate in the company activity. For instance, the company should locate a human resource department that listens to the complaints of their customers and make hasty decisions in order to retain their customers that loose them to their rival companies that would otherwise maximize on their loophole. The company should also adopt public relation departments that would listen to the suggestions of their customers to ensure that they indeed meet the customers’ demands and can rebrand their products to meet the tastes and preferences of their esteemed customers. LITERATURE REVIEW As a field, emotions and moods in the workplace is fairly large. Emotions as well as emotion management form the prominent character of the life of an organization. It is important to design a publicly desirable and observable emotional showcase as a part and parcel of the role of a certain job. Several researchers and experts have discovered that desirable emotions have considerable impact free from an individual’s relationship with the other people. These positive emotions include; positive mood, emotional resilience, optimism and personal-efficacy to tolerate with adverse circumstances (George, 2000). Workers who showcase positive emotions are sufficiently armed to impact their fellow workers constructively. Chances are usually high that these persons dispense the spirit of cooperation in others to do the job at hand. A number of experts have said that worker experience fewer unfavorable emotions while mixing with their respective supervisors as contrasted with customer and coworker interactions. Extreme emotions such as excitement of an achievement may cause one to lose the achievement while already at hand. This is because ones feelings differ from someone else feelings. In such case, having excited due to job opportunity, may make the employer angry hence demoted from the opportunity (Bono, 2007). In such a case, this excitement may turn up being a source of stress which would be difficult for one to control. According to the research, extreme emotions may cause damage. This is true to someone who lacks strong self-awareness The United States economy is increasingly changing from manufacturing to move on to survive. Therefore, organizational persons are tolerating fresh challenges. The first shift in the economy entailed a move to the services of customers (Lee Allen 2002).This further led to scholarly regarding of the manner in which of emotional conversation is utilized in customer service and in organizational target advancements. At work, negative emotions can be constituted by absence of rewards, work overload, and social relations. These factors appear initially as the most irritating in relation to work. Cynism is regarded as being an inconsiderable effective reaction to any firm. â€Å"Cynics have feelings of distress, shame, contempt and also disgust the moment they think about their organizations† (Abraham, 1999). Such unfavorable emotions are brought about by several issues of the workplace like sexual harassment, computer flaming, verbal abuse and aggression, among many others. Part B Self awareness includes ones personality traits, emotions, moods, habits, psychological needs and personal values which drive ones behavior. For instant, it is important to understand ones personalities which would help one to find the situations in which to thrive in. Additionally, one would be able to find the ways to avoid many of the stress situations. On the other hand, the ones habits are the repeatedly behaviors often. Such habits help in the interactions of people with others. If one possesses the habits that can help to manage others effectively. Psychological needs on the other case drive ones needs to achievement, belongings esteem and belongings, Power and control. The results on both emotions and moods would be analyzed below. According to the results, emotional self awareness has become a hot topic in day today activities. This is true because in many cases, this has been the motion in many happenings. According to psychologists, emotions are a generic term characterized by psychobiological expressions mental states and biological reactions. If one is able to understand his or her feelings and the causes one then has been found to be well equipped with the emotional self awareness. Being able to find the impacts of ones thoughts and the actions towards his thoughts is another indication of ones emotional awareness. Some feelings such as excitement, any one with emotional self-awareness is able to note the cause of such excitement and the impact it has to one’s life (Kelly Barsade, 2001). Moods on the other hand may affect ones decision making. According to the research results, negative mood may lead to poor decision-making. This may result to poor performance in the day’s activities. In order to perfect ones management skills, developing self awareness if the first step one should undertake. This is an important step which enriches ones relationship with others. Additionally, one gains a good understanding of how he or she relate to others hence can be able to adjust ones behavior. Additionally, according to the results, understanding what upsets one during certain occasions and the thoughts, one is able to develop self control after learning his or her weaknesses. According to the research, after understanding ones weaknesses, this is a step to get to know the various strategies to reach ones goals. Part C. How would you describe the ‘emotional labor’ of Laura? Would you consider she shows the ability to exhibit high levels of ‘emotional labor Use literature to support your answer According to the research, expression of emotions is an important aspect where one would not experience any injury. Keeping the emotions for one self may cause various diseases such as mental problems, which result due to stress reactions. For instant, Laura undergoes deep thoughts on how to express her emotions, but in order to keep her job; she undergoes the pain of the injury (Kelly Barsade, 2001). Laura is undergoing stress as a result of job distress by the employers. She is unable to express her emotions trying to avoid being dismissed from her job. She identifies that in the workplace, there is hatred and anger among the workers making them work in a hostile environment. How do you think Laura would function on the five dimensions of emotional intelligence? Use literature to support your answer According to the five dimensions of emotional intelligence, Laura would perform well in herself awareness. This is because she is able to recognize the cause of her feelings and interpret them effectively. Additionally, she is able to manage her feelings because she is able to control them in order to keep the job. This indicates that she is able to manage her feelings. On the other hand, she has the ability to facilitate and guide her job goals. This is because she commits herself and takes the initiative not to show her emotions in order to keep her job. Laura is in a position to understand her employer’s need. She clearly knows that he (the employer) do not like seeing their employees expressing their emotions hence she has the empathy dimensional of emotion intelligence. Finally, Laura has the ability to give the desirable response as she does to the interviewer (George, 2000).

Free Essays on Obsenity, Media Law

, images and gestures we either use or choose to ignore or avoid depending on what meaning we have adopted for these things into our own lives. As we look at the world from a myopic viewpoint you would think obscene images, ideas, paintings, writings, etc†¦ would easily stick out. However when you use a broader view of the world you realize that there are billions of people on the face of the earth, and each and every one of them has their own view and opinion and no two are exactly the same. This being the case what one may find obscene and improper, another may find acceptable, and let us not forget about all those who dwell in the infinite shades of gray on any given subject. Webster’s defines obs... Free Essays on Obsenity, Media Law Free Essays on Obsenity, Media Law Romper bomper stomper boo tell me tell me tell me do magic mirror tell me today which media law subject should my paper cover today? Why don’t we talk about f#@*%n obscenity? That sounds good to me. It also sounds like the magic mirror needs its mouth washed out with soap, this being just my opinion. Surprisingly the magic mirror has only displayed only one forum of what is considered obscenity. Obscene language is certainly one issue I feel I am surrounded by everyday, both as a user and a receiver, but there are also images and gestures which are considered obscene. Now an obvious image of obscenity is pornography, but surprisingly even the masters of art have been and some still accuse them of creating obscene images. Now I am not a prude by any stretch of the imagination, I have been known to use language that would make my mother slap the back of my head. I must say though that I use it in the confides of designated areas where it is more readily accepted. As we tell children as they grow up,† you have an indoor voice and an outdoor voice.† I would say, as we create our personality we have a selection of words and images we allow at different places and times. One of these selections of words and images contain obscene words, images and gestures we either use or choose to ignore or avoid depending on what meaning we have adopted for these things into our own lives. As we look at the world from a myopic viewpoint you would think obscene images, ideas, paintings, writings, etc†¦ would easily stick out. However when you use a broader view of the world you realize that there are billions of people on the face of the earth, and each and every one of them has their own view and opinion and no two are exactly the same. This being the case what one may find obscene and improper, another may find acceptable, and let us not forget about all those who dwell in the infinite shades of gray on any given subject. Webster’s defines obs...

Science and the Epidemiology of AIDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science and the Epidemiology of AIDS - Essay Example To date low income nations are using the effects of the disease as strategies for intervention from industrialized nations and access to funds from donor agencies working hard to try and save millions of lives, leaving the questions open, "how far should aid go Is it true that donor agencies are using the situation for control of nations by manipulating the flow of aid" In 1983, prompted by the number of Africans living in Europe with clinical cases of AIDS, investigations began in Africa to determine the extent of the clinical problem of AIDS and transmission patterns in the region. What was of note to researchers was the nearly equal ratio of male to female cases of the disease with 90% having no high risk factors (Quinn 1986). In contrast, the industrial world exhibited higher cases in homosexual males and injection drug users. Over the proceeding two years, results from a studies done by Van der Perre P et , Vandepitte J et al and Serwadda D et al in Zaire (as cited in Quinn 2001), showed the presence of Aids in several urban areas in equatorial Africa. "Slim disease" was often the documented outward sign of the disease mainly prevalent in sex workers and their clients. This raised several discussions on the mode of transmission of the disease. It was not until the introduction of the test for HIV-1 was there greater understanding leading to be tter epidemiological study of the modes of transmission of the disease. The disease, considered endemic then, reached epidemic proportions in the 1970's and '80's with statistics for the year 1986 almost trebling the figures predicted by early researchers. Quinn's retrospective report (2001) shows just how far and fast the disease had ravaged the continent. Today one has only to get on the internet, watch the news or read a local paper to get a glimpse of the effects of the disease in Africa. It was evident as early as the 1980's that unless drastic measures were taken; Africa was losing her most productive age group to the effects of the aids epidemic. By 1987 statics listed by Sabatier in the article on Aids in the Developing World showed the highest number of new cases of HIV and AIDs were from central and eastern Africa with most of the cases being young sexually active adults both male and female in the age groups of between 15 and 40 years (1987 p 99 -103). In the same year the World Health Organization Aids Surveillance Report (as cited in Sabatier 1987) had statistics for over 40 countries, 36 reporting to WHO. It is difficult to get accurate statistics, as some countries are wary of the industrialized world especially after reports of scientific findings linking the origins of the disease to Africa. Over and above this, poor health delivery systems as well as lack of accurate demographic figures make it impossible to get accurate statistics. The modes of transmission are well documented and known to all, for Africa and the earliest recorded document being that of Quinn T.C, Mann J.M, Curran J.W and Piot P (1986). The main modes of transmission in African countries are mainly by heterosexual, blood transfusions as well as mother-to-child transmissions at birth or through wrong breast feeding practices (Sabatier 1987). This however does not discount the presence of gay communities on the continent. Gender, sexuality age and socioeconomic status play an important role in structuring vulnerability of a person to HIV infection. Ruganga A.O and Aggletoon P

My aspirations and goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My aspirations and goals - Essay Example This will further help me reach my aspirations and goals. The experiences I have obtained in being part of a modified and varsity team member have given me the opportunity to be part of a team, learn what it is to be a team member, and excel in my leadership skills. Learning that you are not a one â€Å"shot† person has improved my style of playing as a team member and succeeding in games where at times we knew that we were going to face a challenge playing against another team. I am an appreciative person and I want to give my parents and the community a present. The present will be to wholeheartedly put my efforts as a high school and college student and be in a position where they will be proud of me. For my parents, it will be completing what I have formed my aspirations to be. For the community, it will be becoming an expert in my field and delivering sportsmanship requirements. I want to take the opportunity of traveling and be able to share customs, cultures, history, and traditions given the sports arena. I want to learn what other students are doing in their countries assuming leadership roles in sports. I want to be able to assume leadership roles in other countries and share my experiences in hockey. By sharing these experiences, we will be in a better position to find out what our similarities and differences may be, find out ways in which we are better able to help each other according to our needs, and work with national and international varsity teams. I want to work as a volunteer and continue to assume leadership roles, where I may be able to help other youngsters become involved in hockey activities and as a player. Sports is generally not an area where funding takes place. I am therefore, interested in a scholarship that will help me in my formative years to be able to reach my goals in a higher education institution as a student in __________

James McNeil Whistler Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

James McNeil Whistler - Research Paper Example Scale of work describing James McNeil Whistler can be said to be small scale, probably explaining the apparent reason of his dismal following. However, there is an important attribute that can be spotted in his work; his untold legacy that influenced the artistic world forever (Rutter 113). Personally, I have a rare liking for pieces of art by James McNeil Whistler as well as his deep passion for art. It is evident that he would spend a fortune in a legal procedure fighting for a better description of his art work, to depict the soft part he had for art (Block, 2000, p94). His honorary awards and memberships into famous world art forums further attest to this. I certainly enjoy the art depicted in his pieces. On the other hand, as a critic, I obviously would never fail to criticize his undefined scope of art. Clearly, the missing link to his popularity squarely lies in over optimism to tackle every life topic in the limited platform of art. There is a backward feature in his character I that he was arrogant, and insubordination to his patrons, which certainly contributed to his

Inaugural Speech Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Inaugural Speech Rhetorical Analysis Essay John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech is certainly one to remember. It’s memorable not for its length, but for the effective content that it beholds. He entices readers by the use of strong rhetoric techniques. His inaugural analyzes style of writing, such as diction, tropes, schemes, and syntax, and applies the concept of it effectively throughout the speech. A reader performs rhetorical analysis to examine how authors attempt to persuade their audiences by looking at the various components that make up the art of persuasion. Moreover, it is most essential to be able to understand the relationship among the speaker, subject, and audience, which President Kennedy adequately exploits in his speech. It is a necessity to be able to identify the speaker, subject, and audience in a piece of writing, such as John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech. The ethical appeal, instead refers to the credibility, character, and confidence of a writer. There are a number of ways in which an author may establish ethical appeal. During the time period in which it was written, cold war tensions were still lingering the atmosphere and Kennedy had just won the position as president in a very close election over an accomplished opponent. Therefore, the nation is vulnerable and tense and has reached a turning point in history. The speaker would be classified as the narrator, which in this case is John F. Kennedy. Since he was elected president, the audience views him as an authoritative figure whose speech should be respected. Although Kennedy was young, he still faced critique on his tone and image, whether that be physical or mental. His speech was not aimed toward any particular individual, it was written for the world. So, it was expected of him to exhibit hope, compassion, strength, and loyalty. The speaker, subject, and audience all depend on each other in a piece of work because without them, it would be difficult to identify what the writing is talking about and who would be affected by it. Within President Kennedy’s speech, he utilizes various rhetorical strategies, including diction, tropes, syntax, and schemes, which make it more effective and versatile. For instance, parallelism such as the statement, â€Å"whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, hear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe,† gives flavor to the speech by pointing out opposite words within a single sentence but still making it work. A few antimetaboles are used in the speech, such as â€Å"let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate† and â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country,† make the speech more effective by twisting around the order of the words, or syntax, to get people to realize a point. Additionally, what makes Kennedy’s speech so effective is that he can transition from a simple sentence to a more complex, meaningful one in a matter of lines of the speech. In accordance to the diction, the words in his speech (freedom, poverty, devotion, and loyalty) are considered abstract. This is because they all convey a tone of desire and significant qualities held by friends. They strengthen and add more feeling to the speech as well. However, the archaic words, such as writ and forebears, are used in a manner to bring in the old language as well as the new, therefore there is sophistication as well as understanding. Kennedy also uses juxtaposition when he says, â€Å"peaceful revolution,† and this adds spice to the speech because of the contradiction of the two powerful words. Yet another effective rhetoric strategy that he uses is hortative sentences, such as ones using the phrase â€Å"let us† or â€Å"let both sides†, which urges action and attention to the audience the speaker is writing to. Clearly John F. Kennedy has made remarkable use of various rhetorical strategies throughout his inaugural speech, which in turn allows one to develop a superb rhetorical analysis with the different components of the text. His speech is an effective piece of writing because of its style, diction, syntax, tropes, and schemes. Additionally, it all goes back to the understood relationship between speaker, audience, and subject as well as the classical appeals.

Cracks Detection using Digital Image Processing

Cracks Detection using Digital Image Processing Cracks detection using digital image processing   in MATLAB Usually visual investigation methods have been used for inspection and monitoring of concrete infrastructures. Huge and tall structure such as cables bridges, high rising towers, dams and industrial power plant are known to have an inaccessible area and limitations in inspection field due to its geometry structure which is often dangerous , labor -intensive and involves lot of risks. So, with rapid development in technology and its uses, researcher   are trying to overcome these problem. Every now and then some research is going regarding these problem and trying to overcome it. So, I also have come with the idea of using digital Image processing   in mat lab to detect the cracks in such structure. Literature   Review:- As   of todays world, digital Image processing is getting better and better   and used in all areas of science. With   the help of digital image processing tools, various image processing can be applied to detects the cracks in structure. Not only in structures but also for   bridges, towers, power plant and also in structure   like steel ,roads, fatigues and sewer pipes. A number of research studies have been conducted regarding   detection of cracks by using Digital   image processing .(1)The author of Korea Institute   combines UAV technology in the process of recent breakthroughs and digital image analysis techniques   to detect cracks in structure. In this study, the crack detection program with digital image analysis techniques was developed in order to the crack and width of the structure automatically. The developed program attempted to perform the image analysis for crack detection with Morphology method based morphological hydraulics and specially designed Morphological link for crack(Morph link-C)algorithm for S/W development was applied to the program. The digital image was acquired in order to evaluate UAV applicability and performance and field application of the crack detecting program after targeting the bridges in common use. Comparing with the measured values in order to verify reliability of the new structural inspecting system for application in this study, it is verified that the accuracy above a certain level is secured. Also, The below three core technologies shall be considered to develop the technology possible to detect cracks and calculate crack width of large structure through the digital image analysis and to put this technology to practical use. Optimal digital image acquisition and filming equipment configuration Crack analysis technique of a number of mass digital images Combining technique of multiple images that different positions are captured And also the author from china(2)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   proposed   inspection system for measuring cracks in concrete structure and providing objective crack data to be used in safety assessment. The system consists of the mobile robot system and crack detecting system. The mobile robot system is controlled to keep a constant distance from the wall to acquire image data with a CCD camera on scanning along the wall. The crack detecting system extracts crack information from the acquired image using image processing. To improve accuracy of crack recognition, the geometric properties and patterns of cracks in a structure were applied to image processing. Also,   an inspection system using an image process, which can be a solution to the problems of crack detection in concrete structure, slow rate, subjectivity, and the inefficiency in managing data. Also, the system ensures the validity and possibility based on the experiment in the indoor structure, road tunnel, and subway tunnel. However, an erroneous recognition of a crack as non-crack and vice versa prevails. Therefore, the system is semi automated to get rid of wrong recognition of non crack as crack, and to identify crack by a graph search method using the user-based input of the start point and end-point of crack. In order for a crack inspection system to develop into an expert system, there needs to be further study of the characteristics of cracks and the algorithm must move towards complete automation. Similarly,(3) The Komatsu Engineering Company has developed and commercialized an image acquisition system that can acquire the images of road and tunnel lining by using a laser-scanning device .(4) The Railway Technical Research Institute in Japan developed an image acquisition system of railway tunnel lining by using line CCD cameras. (5)Road ware Group Inc., Canada commercialized a system that acquires an image of the road with a CCD camera, an ultrasonic sensor, and a gyro-sensor with a speed of80km/h and a resolution of 3~4cm [7]. Those systems are useful to collect data of cracks, leakage, scale, and spall but only by using the image acquisition, and not through automatic defect detection. The algorithm for crack detection and measurement is required for fully automatic inspection system. It is necessary, therefore, to develop the automatic crack detection and measurement algorithm to obtain both fast inspection and objective crack data. From the author of University of central Florida , paper describes the mechanism of non-destructive bridge inspection methods using HRDI and HDV digital crack detection and IR thermograph   technology and the benefits of the combination thereof. The feasibility of applying these technologies for in-service bridge inspections are demonstrated and evaluated in the State of Florida under  the university-government-industry collaboration research program. The purpose of the joint research effort is to utilize the innovative technology for more efficient bridge inspection programs and bridge management in Florida by developing a new quantitative performance measure for long term bridge monitoring, such as crack ratio and delaminated area, and the use of objective data resulting in more efficient and scientific bridge inspection database and management system. With the quantity of roadway structure assets increasing annually, coupled with concurrent increasing rates of deteriorati on being experienced by many of the existing structures, bridge owners need to find new and creative ways to ensure the structural safety of their bridges while they all too often face problems of reduced budgets and dedicated bridge inspection resources. Currently, the determination of bridge condition ratings in  many countries is generally subjective depending on individual inspectors knowledge and experience, as well as varying field conditions. For the evaluation and documentation of concrete deterioration (cracks, efflorescence, delaminating, spalls, etc.) and changes overtime, the current practice of visual inspections can be lacking in accuracy and completeness, as well as time consuming and costly if road closures and access equipment  are required for the inspection. Using the proposed new non-destructive technologies, bridge engineers can quickly and efficiently obtain objective current bridge condition information that has traditionally been obtained by more time con suming and more subjective close-up visual inspections and sounding tests. The digital output of these NDE inspection techniques improves on-site inspection safety and objectivity and contributes to improved inspector efficiency by significantly reducing the amount of inspection time in the field. However, it must be noted that while most of the NDE or sensor technologies do offer new efficiencies and/or additional objective assessment results to the bridge inspection process, they are not a substitute for inspectors conducting on-site specific follow-up and detailed structure investigations. While improved efficiencies in bridge inspection methods resulting from the application of the above NDE technologies bring significant benefits to the overall bridge inspection process, they are not a substitute for the continued need for sound and experienced engineering judgment. The authors believe that by offering new and improved inspection technologies to experienced bridge engineers and inspectors, bridge inspection programs will be strengthened through enhanced inspection data and will be more objective, consistent, scientific, and efficient. Based on the nature of calculation   and development of technology approach to process image, Image Processing Technique for crack detection can be divided into several categories. Each image consists of pixel which are represented by its integer values from 0 to 255. Based on these pixel values Operation technique conducted is accomplished in the spatial domain. However , desirable outcome cannot be obtained in spatial domain. So in this case ,usually Fourier or wavelet transformation is performed on the image. Again, the outcome image is processed in frequency domain. After wise, to reconstruct the image in spatial domain   an inverse transformation is applied. Another procedure to detect cracks using image is based on the training algorithm to solve a problem. In this process ,some technique directly deal with image without any training while other first construct   a database which is divided into two subsets, the subset with crack image and subset with un-cracked images. For each subset ,a decision line is defined to represent the characteristics index, such as shape factor. With the help of these image , a program is used which is capable of comparing new images with decision line and assign it to the subset where it belongs. Especially Neural network and clustering   method are widely used among the popular training techniques to learn the decision line. Basically, two approaches have been applied to detect cracks from the images.   Using dye solution and the other is without using dye solution to the surface material. Usually ,In this dye based detection process, a particular dye solution such as fluorescent is injected on the surface of concrete or other material. Depending on the solution type   and color special or ordinary cameras are used to scan the surface of the material. These dye based method were used in past for detection of mini or micro cracks in different types of material like concrete ,ceramics tiles etc and also any kind of structure. The other approach for finding crack   is based on the color image without using dye solution. Since these method is less costly and less time consuming it is currently more popular. A number of research studies have been conducted regarding the surface   crack detection technique in different material. One of these attempts can be seen in work of Kittler at al. They proposed an idea of training based algorithm to get samples of the region, which are void of defects in the spatial domain. In this process, the new pictures were analyzed for the presence of any defects and also to find the location of the defects. In this method, clustering technique and morphological operation were performed to analyze the images. The experimental output of this method is shown in the figure below.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Figure . Crack detection on ceramic tiles (Kittler, Marik, et al. 1994) Image processing technique has been used for inspection of cement based materials for micro cracks and other micro defects (Ammouchea at al 2000). In this process, a red dye solution is used with the surface. So the dye solution can penetrate the porous region of the surface while the excessive solution are   removed by polishing the sample surface. Once the dye solution is injected, a color image of 256 x 265 was taken from camera of the surface. The following operation is carried out on the taken image. O(x,y) = max { R(x,y)0 G(x,y) } Where, O(x,y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Intensity of the output gray level image at (x,y) co-ordinates R(x,y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Intensity of the original image at (x,y) co-ordinate in red region. G(x,y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Intensity of the original image at (x,y) co-ordinate in gray region. Afterward, using a thresholding value, the gray level   image is converted to the binary image. Then, using entropy maximization method value of the thresholding is evaluated. This method is based on maximization of the entropy function à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã¢â‚¬Å" of gray level pixel. à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã¢â‚¬Å"(k)=   [  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ] where, Pà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¢ is the probability of a given pixel to have an intensity of i (Pà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¢=Nà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¢/N)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ni Number of pixel having i intensity   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   N Total no of pixel   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Wà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ W1 Lower and upper bound of the probability to find pixel intensity And also computed as:-   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   k Based on the threshold to obtain binary image, a lower bound thresholding operation is performed. Then , using two morphological operations of eroding and rebuilding the binary image is post processed. This operation is conducted to eliminate noisy and small objects (i.e. Less than 10 pixel) from the image. However, second series of operation are needed to obtain the shape factors which are used to decide whether the pixels in a binary image are associated with cracks or other defects. To do so, a dimensionless packing density index Fc is defined. Fc = (2-4) Where, Aab=Object area Aac= Area of its circumscribed circle The value of Fc is equal to 1 for a circle and tends towards 0 for a very elongated object.Fig below shows results obtained in this method Fig. Also, Abdel-Ghader (_Abdel,Osama and kelly 2003) proposed an idea to find cracks on concrete surface using image processing technique .In this work, they implemented   and compared 4 cracks detection method   which include Fast   Haar Transform( FHT), Fast Fourier Transform( FFT),Sobel edge detector   and canny edge detection. They used 50   concrete image from a bridge deck of which 25 pictures with cracks and 25 pictures without cracks for   their research .From their research ,they concluded that FHT was more efficient and effective method rather than other 3 method. Basically, FHT, a simplified   Wavelet transformation decomposes the image into low and high frequency components, the mother Wavelet à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ª(t) of Haar function and scaling à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã¢â‚¬Å"(t) are defined as: à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ª(t) =   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Relationship between Haar wavelet and scaling function and scaling function with itself is shown below   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ª(t)=)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (t)=) In this process, to detect crack the three quadrants of the first level transformation i.e. 2,34 are passed through a high pass filter to reduce nose and   combined together to get magnitude of images. To decide whether crack exists or not, an empirical thresholding value is used. Fast   Fourier transfer motion (FFT) are used to derive the frequency component of the image intensity. The transformation and   the inverse transformation were carried out using: F(u, v)= F(x, y)= The canny edge detection is a convolution filter to detect filter noise from the image while processing. In addition, thresholding value is defined to see if a pixel belongs to an edge region or not. The   Sobel edge detection is also a convolution filter defined for vertical and horizontal edges in images. This edge detection technique helps to detect the change in the image intensity in neighboring pixels. Filtering was done using convolution operation for each filter separated. Then, two filtered images is combined together at each location and result is a gray level image with enhanced edges. G x =   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   G y= Default value of thresholding is defined as  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   where Another attempt to detect cracks in concrete specimen using optical fluorescent microscopy can be found in   this research( Litorowicz   2006). To continue these processes, a fluorescent dye solution   was used. The specimens were then light using Nikon optical microscope at a magnification of 10 times. The images were captured using a Sony DXC 350 P video camera. Then, image pro Plus analysis software was introduced to perform the image processing operation. Then, using segmentation method, the RGB images is connected into a binary image. The threshold level was calculated based on the effect of the dye solution to the surface. To distinguish cracks pattern, several parameters were introduced: Angle between the vertical axis and the major axis of the ellipse covering   the connected component Area of each connected component Dendritic   length, which is the total length of all the one-pixel thick branches.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   4. Area ratio (i.e. of the area of the counted object and the entire area of the active image.)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   5.Radius ratio (i.e. The ratio of maximum radius and minimum radius for each connected component)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6. Roundness using perimeter 2/4à Ã¢â€š ¬2 x Area. Intelligent crack detection on the concrete crack image using neural network was proposed in Moon and Kim paper (2011). This research was conducted to develop an automatic detection system that analyze the concrete surface and visualize the crack more effectively and efficiently. Basically this research consists of two parts: Image processing and image classification. First stage include image processing tools like filtering, subtraction and morphological operation in order to extract cracks from the background image (i.e. data such as the number of pixel and the ratio of major axis to minor axis for pixel area. While in second step, existences of cracks are identified using neural network to automate the image classification. In this process, 105 images (cracked and non-cracked) of concrete were used as a trained image including every kind of cracks. Following steps were carried out for image processing : Fig. Image processing steps   to detect cracks First step in image processing is to convert RGB image into gray level intensity image followed by a subtraction transformation as follows: à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  (à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ- ) = à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¡Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ½Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥ {à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¡Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ½Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-à °Ã‚ Ã…“-à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ- [à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼(à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ- ) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼(à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ- )], 0} Where ,I(xi)   and I(xj) are   the intensity pixel of xi and X j respectively.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ri Neighborhood of that pixel xà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¢ . When the subtraction is negative number, it is represented as zero. Once improved subtraction method is used, threshold value is defined to detect cracks more effectively. The thresholding operation is given as: à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  (à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥, à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¦) = {2 ÃÆ'- à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  (à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥, à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¦) à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Å" à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   > à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¡   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  (à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥, à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¦)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Å" à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¡ To further smooth the image, a Gaussian law pass filter was applied. Then, an input gray level image is converted to a binary image where the values are represented as 0 or 1. Using Otsus   method or valley emphasis method, the threshold value was selected. Morphological image processing including closing and   labeling were applied to the image to extract image component such as shape of crack. The optimal parameters and their level associated with above operation are   mentioned below:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Fig. Parameters and their levels Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) crack images were distinguished from non-cracked images. Also images were automatically identified as the crack or non-cracked images using ANN. The output value was represented either cracked (value 1) or non-cracked (value 2). Another example of tracing based image processing technique can be found on Nishikawa research paper (2012). A robust automated image processing method was applied to crack detection on concrete surface. This method consists of two parts: First part consists of automatic construction of a filter for crack detection while the other part consists of noise removal and determination of indistinct cracks using iterative process. Using generic algorithm the part is conducted, where genetic individuals was represented as a tree structure. Using a trained   program, a large number of images were combined and several images filtered were converted into a tree structure. An illustration of tree structure concept is shown below.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Fig. Construction of Tree structure   with multiple filters(Aoki and Nagao 1999) A combination of generic program was computed to train the program and results were compared to the target image (i.e. image generated by visual inspection. The comparison was between the distinct distributions of brightness between the images. To measure the filter performance the following formula was used. E= Where,    N- No of training images in database K-th target image -Output image -weighted image . -   Brightness of the weighted image in crack region )- brightness of k-th target image at position (i,j) To reduce the false negative result, a superimposition operation using low resolution image was implemented. Figure below shows the algorithm used in above algorithm. { algorithm}

Last Exit to Brooklyn :: essays papers

Last Exit to Brooklyn Last Exit to Brooklyn is a very violent film. In fact, the film’s purpose is to have the audience look at the whole question of violence. The film shows, in a very realistic way, the psychological, verbal and physical violence that permeates a Brooklyn neighborhood in the midst of a bitter strike during the 1950s. The film is based on the book, Last Exit to Brooklyn, by Hubert Selby, which was banned for its violent and sexually explicit content. Verbal violence is very prevalent in this film. People swear at and verbally abuse one another throughout the movie. Everyone seems angry. There are several causes for their anger. First the film takes place during a strike. Many of the characters are unemployed and have little money. They resort to drinking and drugs that feed into their society’s violent tendencies. In one scene, the workers who are on strike are screaming obscenities at the scab workers and the boss. But in virtually every scene there is verbal violence. In every scene someone is being threatened, belittled, embarrassed or humiliated. The verbal violence is so punishing because behind it is the possibility of physical violence. Physical violence is also very common behaviour in the movie. For example, the very first scene shows a violent altercation between three soldiers and a gang of local thugs. Physical violence is the fundamental way in which the whole society behaves. The men use it to show that they are â€Å"macho,† so they beat up those who are weaker than they are, especially women. For example, Vinnie, the leader of a street gang, physically and verbally harasses a young prostitute named Tralala. In the most violent, nasty, and horrible scene in the movie, Tralala is gang raped and beaten by over a hundred men in a garbage dump. Many of the men in the film are homophobic and sexually insecure, and they act out their hostility and insecurity by beating up gays. They have problems at work and go out on strike. But their strike is full of violent incidents: they get into fist fights, they blow up trucks, they beat up cops. Whenever they have a problem, they use violence to deal with it. Psychological violence, that is, intimidation or the threat of violence, is also an important element of this film. Vinnie is a gang leader who uses psychological violence to control and manipulate his gang and other people in the neighborhood.